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    • 专利摘要:
    A nodal sundial (20), in which between a Nodusfläche (24) and a scale field (27) a refracting body (21) is provided, which has the shape of at least two parallel plane surfaces comprising stereometric body. This Nodusfläche (24) is enclosed by a perinodal surface (31) and lies together with this on a plane incidence surface (22). In one embodiment, the perinodal surface (31) is designed as a shadow-casting surface and the bottom surface (24) is transparent. In another embodiment, the Nodusfläche (24) is designed as a shadow-casting surface and the perinodal surface (31) transparent. In both cases, the transparent surface has a significantly higher permeability to light rays than the shadowing surface. The scale field (27) is arranged on a planar image surface (23) of this basic body (21) and has uniformly distributed, non-diverging in straight-line light, straight and / or loop-shaped (26) and / or curved (28) hourly lines.
    公开号:CH712480A2
    申请号:CH00661/16
    申请日:2016-05-23
    公开日:2017-11-30
    发明作者:Joachim Albert Heierli Dr
    申请人:Joachim Albert Heierli Dr；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    Description [0001] The present invention relates to a nodal sundial according to the preamble of claim 1.
    [0002] Sundials have been known since ancient times and show the local time of day on a suitably scaled field with the aid of a shadow thrower. Today they are particularly popular because of their combination of nature observation and decorative design. Often sundials are set up as a design element in the garden or can be found in many versions on the facades of stately or public buildings.
    [0003] Various forms are known for the shadow projector. They range from the aligned shadow stick or gnomon, over bullets, discs, perforated discs or rollers to a spanned wire cross. Often only an excellent point of the shadow thrower is used to display the time. This point is called nodus of the sundial. Its image is usually captured by means of radiation-parallel projection on a projection screen. Such sundials are also referred to below as nodal sundials. Depending on the type of construction, these projection surfaces are flat or curved and comprise a scale field for determining the time. The scale field of a nodal sundial has markers which can indicate the true local time, the middle local time, the zone time or other time units - for example the remaining hours until sunset. Further explanations of the different time units can also be found in the "Handbuch für Sternenfreunde", Volume 1, Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-19 436-3, by G.D. Roth, find. The totality of the markings defines the ruling of the sundial.
    A well-understand introduction to such sundials is, for example, in "fascination sundials", Harri German, ISBN 3-8171-1665-9, Arnold Zenkert, or in "The sundial and its theory", published by Harri German, ISBN 978-3-8171-1824-3, Dr. med. Jörg Meyer, to find. These publications vividly explain the difference between "true local time" (also called "true solar time" and indicated on the scale field by even hourly lines, which are determined by the hour angle of the sun), the "mean local time" (indicated by hourly lines in a loop shape, also called figure eight loops or time equation loops indicating the hour angle of a fictitious middle sun) and the "zone time" (indicated by laterally shifted, loop-shaped hourly lines which allow a bourgeois time reading accuracy in the minute range). Nodal sundials indicate the zone time by means of figure-eight loops. The lover, however, also enjoys the display of the true local time, which was an important unit of time until well into the 19th century. Although not widely used, sundials for each of the above time units provide a timely indication of reliable accuracy over many centuries without the need for compensation for any external influences (eg quartz watch temperature compensation or balance balance of mechanical watches), since the clockwork of the sundial-the mechanics of the celestial bodies-takes place without earthly influences.
    The dial of a conventional sundial with a plane projection surface clearly shows how the hour lines of the mean time in the edge regions greatly extend and distort and can not be fully displayed on the scale field. Thus, the hour lines (time equations loops) are at the incidence angle of the sun's rays on the scale field the shortest and lie close to each other, while these extend at a shallow sun incidence angle (grazing light) and are spaced from each other. This distortion of the hour lines turns out to be very disadvantageous in the construction of a sundial, especially if there is only little space available for the scale field.
    Because of the particular attractiveness (combination of nature observation and design) of these projection sundials, there is a desire to create a sundial, which can also be placed inside a building.
    It has therefore been proposed, for example, with US 4,384,408 to provide a cylindrical or similarly shaped hollow body on its cover side with a hole opening and to provide the shell side with loop lines, such that the passing through the hole opening Sunlight is displayed on this scale field. The time can thus be read on the side facing away from the sun, which allows this sundial, for example, set up on a windowsill inside a building. Unfortunately, their curved scale field proves to be extremely disadvantageous, because this makes it difficult or even impossible to simply read the time from different spatial directions.
    It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a nodal sundial, which has a flat scale field without divergences. This means that the time-indicating image of the Nodus should always remain within a circle on the scale field, especially for the marginal hours. The radius of this circle should be selectable. Its center is the center of the sundial. In addition, the scale field should have largely uniform and uniformly distributed hour lines, so that the impression is conveyed that the time flows evenly. In addition, the possibility should be given that the sundial can also be used inside a building.
    This object is achieved according to the invention by a nodal sundial with the features of claim 1, in particular by a nodal sundial with a, between a Nodus (particularly excellent point-like point of a shadow or light throwing Nodusfläche) and a plane scale field arranged, refracting body which has the shape of a stereometric body (plane plate) bounded by at least two substantially parallel plane surfaces. Naturally, the Nodus surface with its Nodus lies on the sun-facing plane surface (also referred to below as the incident surface) of this base body, and the image-side plane surface (also referred to below as the image surface) of the base body is provided with a plane scale field. This plane scale field is preferably formed before as a ground-glass and provided with several hourly lines, such that the Nodusfläche refracted with the Nodus depending on the position of the sun on or between these hourly lines. Both the scale field and the Nodus surface can be applied to the base using a suitable treatment (etching, sanding, coating, printing, satinizing, polishing, etc.). It is part of the ordinary knowledge and skill of the skilled person to calculate the hourly lines, taking into account the exact geographical location and the orientation of the basic body, the exact position of the Nodus, the refractive index of the basic body and the geometric dimensions (thickness) of the same and in the desired size and arrangement on the scale field. Here, the refractive index of the refracting body proves to be essential for the geometric design of the hour lines, as will be explained later in more detail. This basic body according to the invention has two parallel planar surfaces. One of these plane surfaces (namely the incident surface) forms a refraction surface for the incident sunrays, while the other plane surface (namely the image surface) of the image of the Nodusfläche, resp. of Nodus on the scale panel. According to the invention, the incident surface comprises a Nodus surface (which includes the Nodus) and a Perinodalfläche (which comprises a surface area surrounding the Nodusfläche and typically comprises the entire surface area of the incidence area minus Nodusfläche). The remaining surfaces of the base body play no physical role in the shading of the Nodusfläche and / or Nodus and can be designed arbitrarily. The main body can thus have any shape of a stereometric body with at least two opposite flat surfaces (for example polyhedron, prism, antiprism, pyramid, cuboid, cubes and sections thereof, etc.). In a preferred embodiment, the base body has the shape of a cuboid with plane-parallel side surfaces. Likewise, the Nodus area with the associated Node may have a freely-formed outline, i. in particular circular, star, heart or cross-shaped and / or be provided with an antireflection coating or a coloring.
    Preferred embodiments of the inventive nodal refraction sundial have the features of the dependent claims. These have no influence on the position and shape of the hour lines.
    In a first embodiment of the inventive refractive sundial, the perinodal surface is designed as a shadow-casting surface, i. E. opaque, diffused or opaque to sunlight. In contrast, the associated Nodusfläche is transparent, i. transparent, resp. clear and produces little or no scattering. This transparent Nodusfläche forms a clear area in the shadow-throwing perinodal surface and has compared to the surrounding perinodal area on a much higher transparency to light rays, so that when sunlight a bright spot of light on the opposite scale field appears. The position of this light spot is influenced by the refractive index and the size (thickness) of the main body.
    In a second embodiment, the Nodusfläche is designed as a shadow-throwing surface. In contrast, the associated perinodal surface is transparent. The transparent perinodal surface has an increased permeability to light rays compared to the enclosed Nodusfläche, so that a dark shadow spot appears on the opposite scale field in sunlight. The position of this shadow spot is influenced by the refractive index and the size (thickness) of the main body as in the first embodiment.
    In a further embodiment, the base body incident and / or image surface side on a transparent protective sheet on the treated surfaces of the body (roughened, satined, frosted, painted, coated, printed, etc.) from contamination and / or mechanical injury to protect, resp. to provide them with a UV protection, thermal insulation, etc. This protective sheet may consist of a thin plastic film or a glass plate and be arranged at any distance from the respective surface, without affecting their optical effect. Depending on the nature and design of this protective sheet is a few thin or up to several mm thick.
    Advantageously, the refracting body is made of glass, in particular of white glass, or of plastic, in particular of PMMA (acrylic glass, Plexiglas®). It is understood that these materials can also be colored. According to the invention, the refractive index of the refracting base body is selected such that the hourly displacement of the projection of the projection (shadow spot or light spot) dependent on the angle of incidence (sun position) is largely constant, in particular also taking into account the nonlinear dependence on angle of incidence and angle of refraction. The person skilled in the art chooses a material with a refractive index n> 1.3, in particular, a refractive index in the range of 1.4 <n <1.7 proves to be optimal.
    In accordance with the objects, the present sundial finds its use primarily as an adjustment-free clock and at the same time as a decorative design element in the garden and in the interior of buildings. A particularly attractive use is to be seen in their use as an architectural design element when installed in windows, as skylights or in other facade openings.
    In the following, the present invention will be explained in more detail using an exemplary embodiment and with the aid of the figures. Showing:
    Fig. 1 is a scale field of a conventional sundial;
    FIG. 2 shows a three-dimensional view of a sundial with a scale field according to the invention; FIG.
    3 shows a cross section through a sundial according to the invention;
    Fig. 4a, 4b: representations of the principle used;
    5 shows a family of curves for the course of currently dependent pixel shift;
    6 shows a spatial view of a sundial according to the invention with an enlarged scale field, which indicates the position of the globe in space.
    Fig. 1 shows a scale field (13), as it is known from conventional, mounted on building facades projection sundials. This scale field (13) has several hourly lines (14) in loop form, which depict the exact position of the sun, over the course of a whole year and always at the same hour. Depending on the embodiment, the true local time hour, the mean local time hour or the zone time hour can also be displayed. The hourly lines (14) are bounded by the winter solstice date line (15) and summer solstice date line (16). In the alternative, further date lines (17) are recorded on this scale field (13) and the hour lines (14) are numbered with hours (18). Decorative elements (19) make such sundials the jewel of a building. This scale field (13) makes it clear how the hourly lines (14) are warped geometrically in the boundary times.
    In contrast, the hourly lines (26) on the plane scale field (27) of the inventive refractive sundial (20) shown in Fig. 2 are distributed more regularly and uniformly formed. This nodal sundial (20) essentially comprises a refracting basic body (21) with a sun-side incidence surface (22) and with an image-side image surface (23). The incident surface (22) is divided into a Nodusfläche (24) and a Perinodalfläche (31), of which, depending on the embodiment described above, one is transparent and the other shadow-forming. The perinodal surface (31) comprises an area immediately surrounding the nodal surface (24) and typically extends over the entire area of the incidence surface (22), i. typically includes the area of incident surface (22) minus nodal surface (24). On the image-side image surface (23) hourly lines (26) are applied, which form a scale field (27) distributed according to the invention and can also be colored in accordance with the season. According to the invention, the light-scattering image surface (23) is designed as a flat surface, which considerably simplifies the calculation of the position, shape, orientation, size and spacing of the hourly lines (26) on the image surface (23). In the functional state, i. in the sunshine and correct orientation of the present sundial, the shadow formed by the Nodus surface (24) and Perinodal surface (31) and thrown onto the scale field (27) allows the exact time to be read.
    Fig. 3 shows a cross section through an inventive sundial (20) and makes the operating principle of the same clear. Essential to the invention is the main body (21), which consists of a transparent material with a suitable refractive index (m). In the illustrated embodiment, the sun-side incidence surface (22) of this base body (21) is planar and provided with the exception of the Nodusfläche (24) with a shadow-casting coating (30), for example. With a light-diffusing ink layer. The Nodusfläche (24) mounted on this incidence surface (22) is thereby formed a coating-free spot, through which the incident sunlight can penetrate unhindered into the base body (21) and impinge on the image surface (23). It is understood that the light beam at the boundary layer to the base body (21) is deflected by a deflection angle (ε) dependent on the refractive index (n2) of the base body (21). For this purpose, more will be done later. The plane image surface (23) acts here as a screen, i. is light-scattering processed, for example, roughened, matted, coated or suitably painted and leaves a well-recognizable image spot (25), namely the image of Nodusfläche (24), clearly visible. On the image surface (23) are applied the individual hourly lines, as shown in Fig. 2, such that the desired time (true local time, mean local time or zone time) with the aid of the refracted image spot (25) with an accuracy in the range of the minute can be read. Advantageously, the two machined surfaces, i. the incidence surface (22) and the image surface (23) each provided with a protective sheet (32, 33) to protect these surfaces from contamination or damage, for example. Scratches.
    Fig. 4a, 4b show the applied principle of action. This is based on the Snell-Des-cartes refraction law, according to which the refraction angle δ of the angle of incidence θ and the refractive indices m, n2 of the adjacent media is as follows: m × sin Θ = n 2 × sin δ [0021]
    Where: n · ,: refractive index of the 1st medium, n2: refractive index of the 2nd medium, Θ: angle of incidence δ: refraction angle Fig. 4a shows the disadvantage of conventional sundials. If one considers a gnomon which projects into the air (with a refractive index) and whose Nodus is spaced a distance (D) from the scale field or the image surface (23), then the sun's rays arise at a steep angle of incidence (β) the scale field of the image surface (23) well representable center distance (x), while in the marginal hours at a low angle of incidence (Θ) the pixel of Nodus comes to lie at a great distance to the base of the gnomon, that is no longer representable on a spatially limited scale field. In the following, center distance (x) is understood to mean the distance of the Nodus image to the center of the scale field, with the center of the scale field being the base point of the Nodus on the image surface., In addition, the distance between the individual hour markers (hour lines) diverges undesirably strongly. For the same reason, the eight-note loops belonging to the fringe hours are heavily distorted.
    By schematically illustrated in Fig. 4b, inventive use of a refracting body (21) with refractive index n2> n-ι, falls the image of the incident surface (22) lying Nodus, at the same shallow angle of incidence (Θ) and at the same distance (D) from the image surface (23), due to the refraction with a refraction angle (δ) at a distance x 'from the base point, to the image surface (23), wherein x' the smaller, the greater the refractive index is selected. If the index of refraction n2 is sufficiently large, the refraction allows reading the time even in the marginal hours. In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the refractive index n2 is selected such that the distribution of the hour lines is as uniform as possible and the local hourly lines (28) indicate the globe and its position in space.
    The family of curves shown in FIG. 5 shows the angle of incidence dependence of the normalized Nodus picture shift (X / θ), i. E. the angle-dependent profile of the normalized distance (X) of the Nodus image to the base point of the Nodus for media with different refractive index nj,
    where: X = x / D
    This Fig. 5 makes the shift of the Nodusbildes at different times clearly. The angle of incidence Θ is given in this graph in the hourly dimension (h). Thus, the normalized Nodusbildverschiebung (X / θ) in a medium with refractive index n2 = 1.0 (air) in the boundary hours to limitless, while this largely in a medium with a refractive index n2 = 1.5 (Plexiglas®, or acrylic glass or white glass) remains constant.
    If one selects the refractive index n2 close to 1.5 (and ni = 1 for air), the hour lines (26), as shown in Fig. 6, appear with uniform distances and without significant distortions on the scale field (27), as if they are on a sphere that indicates the globe and its position in space. The exact time can therefore be read precisely during the marginal hours.
    It is understood that the base body (21) may also be constructed of a plurality of transparent media, for example. From a layer of glass-acrylic glass, glass-air-glass, glass-water-acrylic glass, etc. In addition Both the sun-side incidence surface (22), in particular outside the perinodal surface, can be attractively decorated and / or provided with a frame. In particular, the base body (21) can also have a plurality of differently aligned incidence surfaces and corresponding differently shaped image surfaces.
    The advantages of the inventive nodal refraction sundial are immediately apparent to the person skilled in the art and, in particular, to the fact that the hourly lines on the plane scale field have no significant geometric divergences and no significant distortions. The time-dependent image of the Nodus always remains within a circle with radius R = Dtan [arcsin (n1 / n2)]. This creates a space-saving and aesthetically appealing scale field. The production requires no special effort (no required curved surfaces) and proves to be surprisingly easy. The simple design of the present nodal refraction sundial proves to be a long-term stable watch, while at the same time offering increased design freedom for the creation of a decorative "conversation piece".
    Reference Marks 13 Scale Field of a Conventional Vertical Sundial 14 Hour Line 15 Line of Winter Solstice 16 Line of Summer Solstice 17 Date Line 18 Hour Reference 19 Decor Element
    权利要求:
    Claims (11)
    [1]
    20 Nodal refraction sundial 21 Basic body 22 Incidence surface consisting of Nodus surface and perinodal surface 23 Image area with scale field: 24 Node area 25 Image spot 26 Hourly mean time line (eg zone time) 27 Scale field 28 Hourly time line (solar time) 30 Coating 31 Perinodal area 32,33 Protection sheet n, n ·!, n2 refractive index ε deflection angle ß, Θ incidence angle δ refraction angle D distance between incident and image surface X, x 'center distance X normalized center distance X / θ normalized Nodusbildverschiebung Patentansprüche
    1. Nodal sundial (20) with a Nodusfläche (24) and a scale field (27), characterized in that between the Nodusfläche (24) and the scale field (27) a refracting body (21) is provided, which takes the form of a stereometric Body having at least two plane surfaces lying parallel to one another, which each form an incident surface (22) and an image surface (23), wherein the Nodusfläche (24) on the plane incidence surface (22) and the scale field (27) on the plane image surface (23 ) of this base body (21) are arranged.
    [2]
    2. Nodal sundial (20) according to claim 1, characterized in that the incidence surface (22) has a perinodal surface (31) which surrounds the Nodusfläche (24), and the image surface (23) is provided with several hourly lines (26), in such a way that, in the ready-to-operate state, the outline of the Nodus surface (24) is refracted onto or between these hourly lines (26).
    [3]
    3. Nodal sundial (20) according to claim 2, characterized in that the Nodusfläche (24) is transparent and relative to the adjacent Perinodalfläche (31) has a higher permeability to light rays.
    [4]
    4. nodal sundial (20) according to claim 2, characterized in that the perinodal surface (31) is transparent and relative to the adjacent Nodusfläche (24) has a higher permeability to light rays.
    [5]
    5. Nodal sundial (20) according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the base body (21) is designed in the form of a cuboid with plane-parallel sides.
    [6]
    6. Nodal sundial (20) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the hourly lines (26) have the shape of loops, straight lines or curved lines whose course and arrangement essentially determined by the refractive index and the thickness of the base body (21) are.
    [7]
    7. Nodal sundial (20) according to claim 6, characterized in that the incidence surface (22) and / or the image surface (23) of the base body (21) is at least partially covered with a transparent protective sheet (32, 33).
    [8]
    8. Nodal sundial (20) according to claim 7, characterized in that the respective protective sheet (32, 33) from the incident surface (22) and / or the image surface (23) is arranged at a distance.
    [9]
    9. Nodal sundial (20) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the refracting base body (21) has a refractive index n> 1.3, preferably in the range of 1.4 <n <1.7.
    [10]
    10. Nodal sundial (20) according to claim 9, characterized in that the base body (21) of glass, in particular white glass, or of a clear and / or colored plastic, in particular of PMMA (acrylic glass, Plexiglas®) or of a layer of several made of transparent materials.
    [11]
    11. Use of a nodal sundial (20) with the features of claim 1 as a design element, in particular as an architectural design element.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    CH712480B1|2020-11-13|
    引用文献:
    公开号 | 申请日 | 公开日 | 申请人 | 专利标题
    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    CH00661/16A|CH712480B1|2016-05-23|2016-05-23|Nodal refraction sundial.|CH00661/16A| CH712480B1|2016-05-23|2016-05-23|Nodal refraction sundial.|
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